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- <text id=94TT0009>
- <title>
- Jan. 10, 1994: Jesus Christ, Plain and Simple
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1994
- Jan. 10, 1994 Las Vegas:The New All-American City
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- RELIGION, Page 38
- Jesus Christ, Plain And Simple
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p>A trinity of new, scholarly books tries to strip away the traditional
- Gospel accounts of the man from Nazareth
- </p>
- <p>By Richard N. Ostling
- </p>
- <p> "Who do you say that I am?"
- </p>
- <p> When Jesus posed this question to his disciples in Matthew's
- Gospel, Peter emphatically and faithfully replied, "You are
- the Christ, the Son of the living God." And what might the answer
- be today? Three newly published scholarly books put forward
- a startlingly revisionist reply. While Jesus may have been a
- carpenter, that probably meant he was illiterate and belonged
- to a low caste of artisans. He did not preach salvation from
- sin through sacrifice; he never said "Blessed are the peacemakers
- for they shall be called sons of God"; neither did he say "Blessed
- are the pure in heart for they shall see God." For that matter,
- he probably never delivered the Sermon on the Mount. As for
- the question posed to Peter and the disciples, Jesus never asked
- it. And he never cured any diseases. As for the other miracles?
- No loaves and fishes, no water into wine, no raising of Lazarus.
- And certainly no resurrection. What happened to his body then?
- Most likely it was consumed by wild dogs.
- </p>
- <p> Until now, this sort of Bah, humbug! approach to the Scriptures
- was in full display largely in the rarefied and theologically
- correct atmosphere of seminaries and elite universities. John
- Dominic Crossan, a Bible scholar at DePaul University, notes
- that there was an "implicit deal--you scholars can go off
- to the universities and write in the journals and say anything
- you want." Now, he says, "the scholars are coming out of the
- closet," demanding public attention for the way they think.
- Among the latest such works are Crossan's Jesus: A Revolutionary
- Biography (HarperSanFrancisco; $18), Burton Mack's The Lost
- Gospel (HarperSanFrancisco; $22) and The Five Gospels (Macmillan;
- $30).
- </p>
- <p> For Crossan, Jesus' deification was akin to the worship of Augustus
- Caesar--a mixture of myth, propaganda and social convention.
- It was simply a thing that was done in the ancient Mediterranean
- world. Christ's pedigree--his virgin birth in Bethlehem of
- Judea, home of his reputed ancestor King David--is retrospective
- mythmaking by writers who had "already decided on the transcendental
- importance of the adult Jesus," Crossan says. The journey to
- Bethlehem from Nazareth, he adds, is "pure fiction, a creation
- of Luke's own imagination." He speculates that Jesus may not
- even have been Mary's firstborn and that the man the Bible calls
- his brother James was the eldest child. Crossan argues that
- Jesus did not cure anyone but that he did "heal" people by refusing
- to ostracize them because of their illnesses.
- </p>
- <p> While Jesus may have had some ability to use trancelike therapies
- to "exorcise" demons, Crossan says, he used the incidents themselves
- chiefly to characterize "Roman imperialism as demonic possession."
- Both Crossan and Mack say Jesus' ideas are similar to those
- of the Cynics of the age. These were men who believed not in
- nothing, as the word now implies, but in the rejection of the
- standard beliefs and values of society. And so, contrary to
- the times, Jesus taught radical egalitarianism. He also demanded
- itinerancy of his disciples. Believing that such wanderlust
- subtly spread subversion, the Romans had him crucified. Jesus--a peasant nobody--was never buried, never taken by his
- friends to a rich man's sepulcher. Rather, says Crossan, the
- tales of entombment and resurrection were latter-day wishful
- thinking. Instead, Jesus' corpse went the way of all abandoned
- criminals' bodies: it was probably barely covered with dirt,
- vulnerable to the wild dogs that roamed the wasteland of the
- execution grounds.
- </p>
- <p> Mack agrees with most of Crossan's reconception of Jesus' life.
- But the main purpose of The Lost Gospel is to propagate The
- Book of Q, a back-to-basics teaching of the original Christians
- that was teased out of ancient texts by scholars who believe
- that it predates the Gospels. (Q stands for the German Quelle,
- which means "source.") The Book of Q has no narrative; rather
- it is a collection of sayings and aphorisms. Mack says the "Jesus
- people" were attracted to his teachings because he preached
- the holiness of the simple life. Thus verses like "Turn the
- other cheek," "Love your enemies" and "Rejoice when reproached,"
- all part of Q, embody the practices of a community of charity,
- hope and neighborliness. Mack writes, "The narrative Gospels
- have no claim as historical accounts. The Gospels are imaginative
- creations."
- </p>
- <p> If Jesus amounts to only his words in The Lost Gospel, he barely
- holds on to them in The Five Gospels. The book is the product
- of the 74 biblical scholars (including Crossan) who belong to
- the Jesus Seminar. Meeting twice a year, the group votes with
- purposeful theatricality on the authenticity of each gospel
- saying, casting colored-coded beads into a box to indicate which
- lines of Christ were holier than others. The latest round appears
- in The Five Gospels, which, parodying the red-letter Bibles
- that display the words of Jesus in red type, prints the supposedly
- authentic words in red and prints the rest, in descending order
- of credibility, in other colors. The text is a breezy new colloquial
- translation (see box). Precisely 82% of Jesus' words are judged
- inauthentic.
- </p>
- <p> And what is the fifth gospel? It is the Gospel of Thomas, which
- church fathers deemed unacceptable because it contained ideas
- of the heretical Gnostic sects. Indeed, the book ends with Jesus
- rebuking Peter for trying to oust a woman named Mary from the
- company of disciples. "Females are not worthy of life," says
- Peter. Jesus replies, "Look, I shall guide her to make her a
- male, so that she too may become a living spirit resembling
- you males. For every female who makes herself male will enter
- heaven's kingdom." Three sentences in Thomas survive the seminar's
- judgment as likely statements of Jesus'. (The members of the
- seminar voted down the Mary passage.)
- </p>
- <p> Not surprisingly, the new books are controversial. Jacob Neusner,
- professor of religious studies at the University of South Florida,
- calls the Jesus Seminar "either the greatest scholarly hoax
- since the Piltdown Man or the utter bankruptcy of New Testament
- studies--I hope the former." Other scholars question the use
- of the Thomas and the hypothetical Q. The effect is like looking
- through the wrong end of a telescope at a vanishing Jesus. In
- his forthcoming The Gospel of Jesus (Westminster), William R.
- Farmer, professor emeritus of the New Testament at Southern
- Methodist University, decries the latest Q theory because it
- leads to the bizarre conclusion that "the death and resurrection
- of Jesus was...of little or no importance" to his disciples.
- Meanwhile, N.T. Wright, an Oxford University teacher and newly
- named cathedral dean in Lichfield, England, says it is a "freshman
- mistake" to suppose that the Gospels do not refer to actual
- events simply because the writers of Matthew, Mark, Luke and
- John have clear points of view. One of the most formidable of
- traditionalist Bible scholars, Wright, whose conservative rejoinder
- Jesus and the Victory of God (Fortress) is forthcoming, says
- the skeptical theories also fail to provide any credible explanation
- for how a faith founded by their pared-down Jesus could spread
- so rapidly after his Crucifixion. Wright's explanation: the
- resurrection.
- </p>
- <p> As Wright sees it, playing the game of deconstructing the New
- Testament nowadays "is like finding yourself in the middle of
- a rugby field with five teams and 10 balls. There is all kinds
- of excitement: everybody is tackling everybody, and everyone
- thinks he's on the winning team." For the moment, it is impossible
- for ordinary churchgoers to follow the action, much less determine
- which of the competing Jesuses will win.
- </p>
- <p> In its new translation, the Jesus Seminar, a group of Bible
- scholars, has color coded Scripture on the basis of authenticity.
- A sample:
- </p>
- <p> OUR FATHER IN THE HEAVENS, YOUR NAME BE REVERED. IMPOSE YOUR
- IMPERIAL RULE, ENACT YOUR WILL ON EARTH AS YOU HAVE IN HEAVEN.
- PROVIDE US WITH THE BREAD WE NEED FOR THE DAY. FORGIVE OUR DEBTS
- TO THE EXTENT THAT WE HAVE FORGIVEN THOSE IN DEBT TO US. AND
- PLEASE DON'T SUBJECT US TO TEST AFTER TEST, BUT RESCUE US FROM
- THE EVIL ONE.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
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